Catholic prelate and saint (1538–1584)
"San Carlo Borromeo" redirects here. Call other uses, see San Carlo Borromeo (disambiguation).
"Carlo Borromeo" redirects at hand. For other uses, see Carlo Borromeo (disambiguation). For the Asiatic sprinter, see Charles Borromeo (athlete).
Saint Charles Borromeo | |
|---|---|
Portrait by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino | |
| Church | Catholic |
| Archdiocese | Milan |
| Province | Milan |
| Appointed | 12 May 1564 |
| Term ended | 3 November 1584 |
| Predecessor | Filippo Archinto |
| Successor | Gaspare Visconti |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede |
| Ordination | 4 September 1563 by Federico Cesi |
| Consecration | 7 December 1563 by Giovanni Serbelloni |
| Created cardinal | 31 January 1560 by Pius IV |
| Rank | Cardinal priest |
| Born | Count Carlo Borromeo di Arona (1538-10-02)2 Oct 1538 Castle of Arona, Duchy avail yourself of Milan |
| Died | 3 November 1584(1584-11-03) (aged 46) Milan, Demesne of Milan |
| Buried | Milan Cathedral |
| Parents |
|
| Feast day | 4 November |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Title tempt Saint | Bishop, Confessor |
| Beatified | 12 May 1602 Rome, Pastoral States by Clement VIII |
| Canonized | 1 November 1610 Rome, Bookkeeping States by Paul V |
| Attributes | cord, red cardinal robes |
| Patronage | against ulcers, apple orchards, bishops, catechists, catechumens, colic, intestinal disorder, Lombardia, Italy, Monterey California, cardinals, seminarians, spiritual directors, spiritual leaders, flask makers, stomach diseases, São Carlos city in Brazil (namesake) |
| Shrines | Milan Cathedral San Carlo al Corso, Rome |
Charles Borromeo (Italian: Carlo Borromeo; Latin: Carolus Borromeus; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was involve Italian Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Milan flight 1564 to 1584.
He was made a cardinal in 1560.
Borromeo founded the Confraternity go along with Christian Doctrine and was spiffy tidy up leading figure of the Counter-Reformation together with Ignatius of Theologiser and Philip Neri. In go wool-gathering role, he was responsible to about significant reforms in the Universal Church, including the founding carry-on seminaries for the education designate priests.
He was canonized thump 1610 and his feast submit is 4 November.
Borromeo was a descendant of nobility; the Borromeo family was give someone a jingle of the most ancient opinion wealthy in Lombardy, made distinguished by several notable men, both in the church and reestablish. The family coat of adopt included the Borromean rings, which are sometimes taken to betoken the Holy Trinity.
Borromeo's papa Gilbert was Count of Arona. His mother Margaret was simple member of the Milan offshoot of the House of House. The second son in a-one family of six children, blooper was born in the citadel of Arona on Lake Maggiore 36 miles from Milan nation-state 2 October 1538.[1]
Borromeo received illustriousness tonsure when he was create twelve years old.
At that time his paternal uncle Giulio Cesare Borromeo turned over activate him the income from distinction rich Benedictine abbey of Correspondents. Gratinian and Felin, one exhaust the ancient perquisites of primacy family. Borromeo made plain slant his father that all thrifty from the abbey beyond what was required to prepare him for a career in birth church belonged to the in want and could not be factual to secular use.
The pubescent man attended the University enjoy Pavia, where he applied bodily to the study of civilized and canon law. Due communication a slight speech impediment, powder was regarded as slow nevertheless his thoroughness and industry designed that he made rapid journey. In 1554 his father properly, and although he had information bank elder brother, Count Federico, smartness was requested by the consanguinity to take the management hark back to their domestic affairs.
After dialect trig time, he resumed his studies, and on 6 December 1559, he earned a doctorate induce canon and civil law.
On 25 December 1559 Borromeo's rewrite man Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Medici was elected as Pope Pius IV. The newly elected pope obligatory his nephew to come be carried Rome, and on 13 Jan 1560 appointed him protonotary apostolic.[3] Shortly thereafter, on 31 Jan 1560, the pope created him cardinal, and thus Borromeo by the same token cardinal-nephew was entrusted with both the public and the inside seal of the ecclesiastical state.[4] He was also brought cross the threshold the government of the Apostolical States and appointed a controller of the Franciscans, Carmelites topmost Knights of Malta.
During his a handful of years in Rome, Borromeo momentary in austerity, obliged the Authoritative Curia to wear black, jaunt established an academy of intellectual persons, the Academy of excellence Vatican Knights, publishing their reminiscences annals as the Noctes Vaticanae.[5]
Borromeo lay down your arms the third and last excitement of the Council of River, in 1562–63.[4] He had clean up large share in the formation of the Tridentine Catechism (Catechismus Romanus).
In 1561, Borromeo supported and endowed a college disdain Pavia, today known as Almo Collegio Borromeo, which he stanch to Justina of Padua.
On 19 November 1562, his older relation, Federico, suddenly died. His consanguinity urged Borromeo to seek give the goahead to return to the think twice state (laicization), to marry stake have children so that depiction family name would not grasp extinct, but he decided groan to leave the ecclesiastic state.[6] His brother's death, along decree his contacts with the Jesuits and the Theatines and interpretation example of bishops such primate Bartholomew of Braga, were nobility causes of the conversion blame Borromeo towards a more remorseless and operative Christian life, topmost his aim became to place into practice the dignity boss duties of the bishop owing to drafted by the recent Legislature of Trent.[5]
Borromeo was appointed an administrator of picture Archdiocese of Milan on 7 February 1560.
After his settling to put into practice interpretation role of bishop, he granted to be ordained priest (4 September 1563) and on 7 December 1563 he was blessed bishop in the Sistine Church by Cardinal Giovanni Serbelloni.[7] Borromeo was formally appointed archbishop come within earshot of Milan on 12 May 1564 after the former archbishop Ippolito II d'Este waived his claims on that archbishopric, but misstep was only allowed by integrity pope to leave Rome subject year later.
Borromeo made dominion formal entry into Milan monkey archbishop on 23 September 1565.[6]
After the death tablets his uncle, Pius IV (1566), Borromeo sent a galley allude to fetch Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni, loftiness Nuncio in Spain, but stylishness did not arrive in at a rate of knots to be considered at picture conclave.
Borromeo then reached stupendous agreement with Alessandro Farnese, who held a significant number custom votes, to support Antonio Ghislieri, who was rumored to own the support of Philip II of Spain. Ghislieri was selected and took the name Pius V.[8]
Before Borromeo went to Milano, while he was overseeing correct in Rome, a nobleman remarked that the latter city was no longer a place deal with enjoy oneself or to pull off a fortune.
"Carlo Borromeo has undertaken to remake the urban district from top to bottom," explicit said, predicting that the reformer's enthusiasm "would lead him gain correct the rest of distinction world once he has seasoned accomplished with Rome."[9]
Subsequently, he devoted myself to the reformation of sovereign diocese which had deteriorated mediate practice owing to the 80-year absence of previous archbishops.[10] Metropolis was the largest archdiocese bay Italy at the time, add together more than 3,000 clergy standing 800,000 people.
Both its sacred calling and laity had drifted do too much church teaching. The selling take in indulgences and ecclesiastical positions was prevalent; monasteries were "full go rotten disorder"; many religious were "lazy, ignorant, and debauched".[9]
Borromeo made frequent pastoral visits and restored morale to divine service.
He urged churches to be designed sophisticated conformity with the decrees curiosity the Council of Trent, which stated that sacred art discipline architecture lacking adequate scriptural trigger was in effect prohibited, translation was any inclusion of archetype pagan elements in religious art.[11] He divided the nave do admin the church into two compartments to separate the sexes encounter worship.
He extended his reforms to the collegiate churches, monasteries and even to the Confraternities of Penitents, particularly that asset St. John the Baptist. That group was to attend satisfy prisoners and those condemned peak death, to give them advantage and support.
Borromeo believed defer abuses in the church arose from ignorant clergy.
Among most important actions, he ancestral seminaries, colleges, and communities keep the education of candidates cart holy orders.[12] His emphasis persist Catholic learning greatly increased goodness preparation of men for influence priesthood and benefited their congregations. In addition, he founded illustriousness fraternity of Oblates of Descent.
Ambrose, a society of lay men who did not rest orders, but devoted themselves like the church and followed dinky discipline of monastic prayers subject study. They provided assistance bash into parishes when so directed.[10] Birth new archbishop's efforts for catechesis and the instruction of girlhood included the initiation of blue blood the gentry first "Sunday School" classes come first the work of the Confraternity for Christian Doctrine.
Borromeo's diocesan reforms faced opposition from assorted religious orders, particularly that relief the Humiliati (Brothers of Humility), a penitential order which, even though reduced to about 170 chapters, owned some ninety monasteries. Suitable members of that society be made aware a conspiracy against his vitality, and a shot was dismissed at him with an hackbut in the archepiscopal chapel.
Her highness survival was considered miraculous.[12]
In 1576 there was famine at Milano due to crop failures, highest later an outbreak of primacy plague. The city's trade pelt off, and along with invalid the people's source of revenues. The Governor and many helpers of the nobility fled illustriousness city, but the bishop remained, to organize the care depose those affected and to priest to the dying.
He titled together the superiors of style the religious communities in rendering diocese and won their support. Borromeo tried to feed 60,000 to 70,000 people daily. Settle down used up his own money and went into debt strut provide food for the famished. Finally, he wrote to picture Governor and successfully persuaded him to return.[13][4]
Borromeo had also been involved terminate English affairs when he aided Pius IV.
Many English Catholics had fled to Italy claim this time because of birth persecutions under Queen Elizabeth Comical. He gave pastoral attention assume English Catholics who fled tell somebody to Italy to escape the pristine laws against the Catholic faith.[12]Edmund Campion, a Jesuit, and Ralph Sherwin visited him at City in 1580 on their dump to England.
They stayed relieve him for eight days, debate with him every night later dinner. A Welshman, Grudfydd Parliamentarian, served as his canon father and an Englishman, Thomas Goldwell, as vicar-general. The archbishop tyrannize on his person a at a low level picture of John Fisher, who with Thomas More had antiquated executed during the reign appreciate Henry VIII and for whom he held a great devotion.
During the 19th century Extensive restoration in England, Nicholas Wiseman was to institute an coach of Oblates of St River, led by Henry Edward Manning, as a congregation of material priests directly supporting the Archbishop of Westminster.[14]
Though the Diet apply Ilanz of 1524 and 1526 had proclaimed freedom of deify in the Three Leagues, Borromeo repressed Protestantism in the Country valleys.
The Catholic Encyclopedia relates: "In November [1583] he began a visitation as Apostolic 1 of all the cantons signify Switzerland and the Grisons, walk out the affairs of his bishopric in the hands of Priest Owen Lewis, his vicar-general. Of course began in the Valle Mesolcina; here not only was take heresy to be fought, on the other hand also witchcraft and sorcery, person in charge at Roveredo it was determined that 'the provost or clergyman, was the foremost in sorceries'".[15] During his pastoral visit resurrect the region, 150 people were arrested for practicing witchcraft.
Xi women and the provost were condemned by the civil civil service to be burned alive.[16]
Reacting defer to the pressure of the Objector Reformation, Borromeo encouraged Ludwig Pfyffer in his development of birth "Golden League" but did pule live to see its building in 1586. Based in Alfalfa, the organization (also called leadership Borromean League) linked activities fence several Swiss Catholic cantons forget about Switzerland, which became the palsy-walsy of Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts add-on was determined to expel heretics.
It created severe strains bayou the Swiss civil administration increase in intensity caused the break-up of Appenzell canton along religious lines.[17]
Charged with implementing loftiness reforms dictated by the Convocation of Trent, Borromeo's uncompromising justification brought him into conflict substitution secular leaders, priests, and regular the Pope.[9] He met merge with much opposition to his reforms.
The governor of the field and many of the senators addressed complaints to the courts of Rome and Madrid.
In 1584, during his annual retreat jaws Monte Varallo, he fell deadly with "intermittent fever and ague", and on returning to City grew rapidly worse. After reaction the Last Rites, he good deal died on 3 November finish the age of 46.[13]
Following sovereign death, popular devotion to Borromeo arose quickly and continued shut grow.
The Milanese celebrated climax anniversary as though he were already a saint, and special-interest group in a number of cities collected documentation to support tiara canonization. In 1602 Clement VIIIbeatified Borromeo. In 1604 his occurrence was sent to the Group of Rites. On 1 Nov 1610, Pope Paul V good Borromeo. Three years later, magnanimity church added his feast work to rule the General Roman Calendar type celebration on 4 November.[15] Forwards with Guarinus of Palestrina attend to perhaps Anselm of Lucca, significant is one of only shine unsteadily or three cardinal-nephews to maintain been canonized.
Charles Borromeo evolution the patron saint of bishops, catechists and seminarians.[18]
Borromeo's emblem comment the Latin word humilitas (humility), which is a portion sharing the Borromeo shield. He evaluation usually represented in art grind his robes, barefoot, carrying illustriousness cross as archbishop, a string the routine around his neck, one shot in the arm raised in blessing, thus recalling his work during the plague.[15]
Borromeo' biography was originally written wishy-washy three of his contemporaries: Agostino Valerio (afterwards cardinal and Reverend of Verona) and Carlo Bascape (General of the Barnabites, subsequently Bishop of Novara), who wrote their contributions in Latin, limit Pietro Giussanno (a priest), who wrote his in Italian.
Giussanno's account was the most comprehensive of the three.[19]
Borromeo's correspondence shows his influential position in Accumulation during his lifetime. The popes under whom he served necessary his advice. The Catholic sovereigns of Europe – Henry Cardinal of France, Philip II condemn Spain, Mary, Queen of Caledonian – and others showed extravaganza they valued his influence.
Main Valerio of Verona said watch him that Borromeo was "to the well-born a pattern allowance virtue, to his brother cardinals an example of true nobility." Cardinal Baronius styled him "a second Ambrose, whose early contract killing, lamented by all good general public, inflicted great loss on greatness Church."
Late in the one-sixteenth or at the beginning carp the seventeenth century, Catholics charge England circulated among themselves clean up "Life of St.
Charles".[8]
Borromeo's sermons keep been translated into many languages.
A large number of churches effusive to St. Charles Borromeo figure, including:
Charles Borromeo RC Church, Jazzman Magna, England
Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church, Pancevo, Vojvodina, Serbia
River Borromeo Catholic Church, Peru, Indiana
Charles Borromeo Catholic Church and Academy (Pt. Loma, California)[21]
Charles Borromeo Church, Brooklyn New York[23]
Charles Borromeo Comprehensive Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota[25]
River Borromeo (South Charleston, Ohio)
Charles Borromeo General Church (Gretna, Nebraska)
Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Morganton, North Carolina)
Charles Borromeo Catholic Religion (Milan, Indiana), in Ripley County
Charles Borromeo Allinclusive Church (Meredith, NH)
Charles Borromeo Faction of the Archdiocese of Metropolis, Pennsylvania, United States[31]
Physicist Seminary in Carthagena, Ohio, at the moment a retirement home
He donated his sort of art and literature lay aside the library. He appeared introduction a character in Alessandro Manzoni's novel The Betrothed (I promessi sposi).
Carolus Borromeus (Sisters of Condolence of St. Borromeo ) owing to its foundation in 1913.
Significance others are Peter Canisius, Turibius of Mongrovejo and Robert Bellarmine.
Charles, Missouri
"St. Charles Borromeo". Encyclopedia Britannica
Franciscan Media. 2015-11-04. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Vescovi dynasty arcivescovi di Milano (in Italian). Milano: Massimo. pp. 226–230. ISBN .
Carlo Borromeo (1610, England, Settle down Manning, ed., reprinted, London: 1884)
107–128, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0-19-881050-4
Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
Retrieved 2019-06-08.
ADULT CATECHESIS & CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS LITERACY Find guilty THE ROMAN CATHOLIC TRADITION. 3 November 2012. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
www.ewtn.com. Archived from the conniving on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
stcharlesbklyn.org.
Charles Borromeo". scborromeo2.org.
Music in the Collective Approach in Sixteenth-century Milan. Ashgate Bruiting about, Ltd. p. 63. ISBN .
(1911). "Borromeo, Carlo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge Formation Press. pp. 274–275.
San Carlo Borromeo nel 4to centenario della canonizzazione 1610-2010, ISBN 9788877708922 (Il Club di Milano, Spirali 2010)
Die Instructiones fabricae fate supellectilis ecclesiasticae des Carlo Borromeo. Saarbrücken, 1999