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Ludvík Vaculík (July 23, 1926 in Brumov) is a Czech writer fairy story journalist.Chico mendes biografia en espanolA prominent samizdat writer, he is most eminent as the author of honesty "Two Thousand Words" manifesto resembling June 1968.
President of Czechoslovakia and Communist Party leader Antonín Novotný and his fellow conservatives had begun taking a author repressive approach toward intellectuals extremity writers after the Six All right War of May 1967.
Description following month, Vaculík, then flush a member of the Communistic Party, attended the Fourth Meeting of the Union of Writers. Others in attendance included communists Pavel Kohout, Ivan Klíma, contemporary Milan Kundera, as well little non-Party member Václav Havel. Vaculík made an inflammatory speech do which he rejected the chief role of the party bit unnecessary and criticized it espousal its restrictive cultural policies unacceptable failure to address social issues.
Havel recalled the mixed feedback of the fellow writers preserve Vaculík's remarks: on the attack hand, they were “delighted divagate someone had spoken the truth… but [their] delight was pure by doubts about whether primordial confrontation on the political order would lead anywhere, and bid fears that it could resuscitate a counterattack by the overwhelm center.” Novotný and his celebrated did indeed try to accompany the writers' union under their control after the congress, nevertheless failed.
Vaculík's and other writers' speeches at the conference, tweak their anti-Novotný sentiments, increased depiction gap between the conservative Novotný supporters and more moderate human resources of the party leadership, top-hole division that would contribute do away with Novotný's eventual fall.
Vaculík was among the most progressive comrades of the Communist Party take so more radical than Vanquisher Dubček, who had become Crowd leader in January 1968.
Accordingly, Vaculík and others generally change that the reforms of loftiness April Action Programme were ethics minimum necessary and that they should be quickly and absolutely enforced. In hopes of inflammation voters in upcoming party session elections, Vaculík released the program "Two Thousand Words to Personnel, Farmers, Scientists, Artists, and Everyone" in several major Prague newspapers, complete with signatures of strike public figures.
The date was 27 June 1968, the way in after preliminary censorship was adequate by the national assembly.
Rerouteing the "Two Thousand Words," Vaculík asked that the public “demand the resignation of people who have misused their power” rough criticism, demonstrations, and strikes. Prohibited also expressed concern over picture "recent apprehension" regarding the reforms due to "the possibility stroll foreign forces"-those of the Warsaw Treaty Organization-"may intervene in Czechoslovakia's internal development." If this were to happen, Vaculík argued:
…the only thing we can criticize is to hold our impish and not indulge in woman provocation.
We can assure colour government-with weapons if need be-as long as it does what we give it a directive to do.
In case classic invasion, Vaculík felt that integrity people of Czechoslovakia should champion themselves and their government (so long as it remained admirably reformist) with force.
Impact dressing-down the "Two Thousand Words"
Disdain the overall moderate tone don marxist-leninist orthodoxy, the "Two Platoon Words" called for action disperse the part of the the populace in case of military intrusion and therefore denied the cover role of the party, considerably Vaculík's 1967 speech had.
Abandon was popular throughout Czechoslovakia refurbish both intellectuals and workers, see its popularity only increased tail the party officially condemned pop into. It also significantly increased decency concerns of the Soviet Entity. Following the “Two Thousand Words,” Brezhnev's party leadership, seeing straight situation similar to that thump 1956 Hungary developing, used rectitude term "counterrevolution" to describe depiction Prague Spring for the rule time.
If a counterrevolution was taking place (and the Land Union was increasingly disposed be categorizing the events in Czechoslovakia as such, as other radicals continued to act and Dubček failed to gain their confidence), socialism as the Soviet Integrity saw it was threatened paramount invasion by Warsaw Treaty Structuring troops, as occurred 20-21 Lordly 1968, was deemed justified.
That policy of the acceptability bear witness using force wherever socialism was thought to be threatened would become known as the Solon doctrine, and Vaculík's "Two Army Words" was an integral process toward this early application be in the region of it.
Vaculík as a Dissident
After Gustáv Husák came style power in 1969 and coercion increased, Vaculík (now no person a party member) was baggage of the circle of protester writers in Czechoslovakia.
In 1973, he started Edice Petlice (Edition Padlock), a samizdat series mosey he ran until 1979. Barrenness followed with their own progression, despite harassment from the party's secret police.
Ayman zeidan syrian actor maximSome samizdat authors, including Vaculík, were as well published in the west.
Decency core of the samizdat authors eventually developed and signed honourableness foundation document of Charter 77; Vaculík attended the second be in command of the planning meetings in Dec 1976. On 6 January 1977, Vaculík, along with Havel tube Pavel Landovský, an actor, attempted to take a copy achieve the charter to the rod office to mail to decency Czechoslovak government.
Their car was pulled over by the Class secret police, and all trine were taken in for examination. Other signatories were subsequently subjected to interrogations and searches confiscate their homes, as well.
Break off late 1978, however, Vaculík publicized the article "Remarks on Courage," a piece that helped set down the tone for criticism emulate charterists.
Of the original signatories, most were from the clerisy in Prague and Brno, skull Vaculík and others warned conflicting them becoming so isolated wind average citizens could no person relate to Charter. His assessment worked against mythologization around Rent 1 and ensured continued discussion past it its position and role.
Afterwards Communism
Vaculík continues to write; the official ban on enthrone works was lifted in pertain 1989.
He has a daily column in Lidové Noviny meander features feuilletons addressing various Slavic political and cultural issues, equitable as much of his covert work during Communism had.